O Levels/IGCSE Chemistry Lesson Plan 11.3

Section	Details
Objective	– Name the fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum).- Define hydrocarbons and state their composition.- Identify methane as the main constituent of natural gas.- State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Activities	– Starter (5 mins): Show images of coal, natural gas, and petroleum and ask: “What do these substances have in common?”- Main (25 mins): 1. Define fossil fuels and name coal, natural gas, and petroleum. 2. Explain that hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon only. 3. Discuss natural gas as primarily composed of methane (CH4CH_4). 4. Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and emphasize its importance as a raw material for fuels and chemicals.- Plenary (10 mins): Students complete a worksheet categorizing fuels and their characteristics.
Resources	Images of fossil fuels, molecular models, worksheets.
Time	40 minutes total: 5 mins (Starter) + 25 mins (Main) + 10 mins (Plenary).
Homework	Write a short paragraph explaining why methane is considered a hydrocarbon.
Assessment	Worksheet: Match fossil fuels to their key characteristics and uses.
Past Paper Practice	IGCSE Chemistry 0620/41/O/N/20 Q6(a) – Characteristics of fossil fuels.

Section	Details
Objective	– Describe the fractional distillation of petroleum.- Explain how the properties of fractions change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column.
Activities	– Starter (5 mins): Show a diagram of a fractionating column and ask: “Why do we separate petroleum into different fractions?”- Main (25 mins): 1. Explain fractional distillation as the process of separating petroleum into fractions based on boiling points. 2. Discuss how properties of fractions change up the column: – Chain length decreases. – Volatility increases. – Boiling point decreases. – Viscosity decreases. 3. Relate these properties to the uses of the fractions.- Plenary (10 mins): Students label a diagram of a fractionating column, identifying key fractions and their properties.
Resources	Diagram of a fractionating column, worksheets, videos on fractional distillation.
Time	40 minutes total: 5 mins (Starter) + 25 mins (Main) + 10 mins (Plenary).
Homework	Write a brief explanation of why longer-chain hydrocarbons are found at the bottom of the column.
Assessment	Worksheet: Label a fractionating column and explain the changes in properties from bottom to top.
Past Paper Practice	IGCSE Chemistry 0620/41/M/J/19 Q6(c) – Fractional distillation of petroleum.

Section	Details
Objective	Name the fractions obtained from petroleum and their uses.
Activities	– Starter (5 mins): Show everyday items (e.g., gasoline, candles, cooking gas) and ask: “Which petroleum fraction do you think is used to make these?”- Main (25 mins): 1. Discuss the fractions and their uses: – Refinery gas: Heating and cooking. – Gasoline: Fuel for cars. – Naphtha: Chemical feedstock. – Kerosene: Jet fuel. – Diesel oil: Fuel for diesel engines. – Fuel oil: Fuel for ships and heating. – Lubricating oil: Lubricants, waxes, polishes. – Bitumen: Road making. 2. Relate the uses of fractions to their properties (e.g., volatility, viscosity).- Plenary (10 mins): Students complete a matching exercise linking fractions to their uses.
Resources	Everyday items related to petroleum fractions, worksheets, diagrams of fractionating columns.
Time	40 minutes total: 5 mins (Starter) + 25 mins (Main) + 10 mins (Plenary).
Homework	Create a table listing the fractions of petroleum, their properties, and their uses.
Assessment	Worksheet: Match petroleum fractions to their properties and uses.
Past Paper Practice	IGCSE Chemistry 0620/41/O/N/21 Q6(b) – Uses of petroleum fractions.

Fossil Fuels:
- Coal, natural gas, and petroleum.
- Methane is the main component of natural gas.
Hydrocarbons:
- Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.
Fractional Distillation:
- Separates petroleum into fractions based on boiling points.
- Properties change from bottom to top of the column:
  - Chain length decreases.
  - Volatility increases.
  - Boiling point decreases.
  - Viscosity decreases.
Petroleum Fractions and Uses:
- Refinery gas: Heating, cooking.
- Gasoline: Car fuel.
- Naphtha: Chemical feedstock.
- Kerosene: Jet fuel.
- Diesel: Diesel engines.
- Fuel oil: Ships, heating.
- Lubricating oil: Lubricants, waxes.
- Bitumen: Roads.

Use practical examples of petroleum products to engage students and show relevance.
Highlight the relationship between the physical properties and uses of petroleum fractions.
Provide diagrams and videos to reinforce the concept of fractional distillation.